Okay, I stared at the pictures in the Kalstone book until my eyes went fuzzy, and this is what I came up with:
The Lamb: Short(ish) body, leg hair is longer than the body hair and is blended into the body, big round topknot, may or may not have long crest hair. Pompom tail. Long ears. Overall lines are well blended and curvy. No sharp edges.
The Modern: Jazzed up and exaggerated version of the Lamb. Topknot is much bigger and higher, crest hair is big, leg hair is long, especially at bottom of legs, ears are long, tail is big. Just generally bigger and poofier than the lamb. Angles and edges are slightly sharper than the lamb to give "flair".
The Scandinavian Puppy Lion: Big jacket and tied topknot like the continental. Front legs are full cylindrical tubes that meet the jacket at the elbow. Hindquarters are trimmed tight and angular and the hair blends into the hind legs which are very full at the hocks. There is a distinct line separating the front and back halves of the dog made by the fullness of the jacket and the tightness of the hind. Tail is HUGE because I've only seen this clip on undocked poodles. LOL! (except for Paris!!

)
The European-T Clip: I suddenly realized that this clip is basically a Scandinavian Puppy with a pet topknot (scissored vs tied). Which makes it look a lot like the Modern for the exception of the big jacket on the European-T, which the Modern does not have. The Euro-T has that distinct separation between the big front and short hind, just like the Scandinavian, while on the Modern, the hair on the chest is the same length as the hair on the bum. The legs and topknot are very similar, although the Euro-T is slightly more angular.
I still don't know what the "T" is for, though.

hwell: